Ordinarily the C-C single bond distance is 1.53 Å(1m=10^-10Angstorm). 8 Preparation from other organic compounds.
6.1 Occurrence of alkanes in the Universe.5.1 Reactions with oxygen (combustion reaction).They are generally abbreviated with the symbol for any organyl group, R, although Alk is sometimes used to specifically symbolize an alkyl group (as opposed to an alkenyl group or aryl group). The alkanes have two main commercial sources: petroleum (crude oil) and natural gas.Īn alkyl group is an alkane-based molecular fragment that bears one open valence for bonding. They can be viewed as molecular trees upon which can be hung the more active/reactive functional groups of biological molecules. Nevertheless, most alkanes do not have much biological activity. Methane is produced by methanogenic bacteria and some long-chain alkanes function as pheromones in certain animal species or as protective waxes in plants and fungi. With their repeated – CH 2 units, the alkanes constitute a homologous series of organic compounds in which the members differ in molecular mass by multiples of 14.03 u (the total mass of each such methylene-bridge unit, which comprises a single carbon atom of mass 12.01 u and two hydrogen atoms of mass ~1.01 u each). One group of the higher alkanes are waxes, solids at standard ambient temperature and pressure (SATP), for which the number of carbon atoms in the carbon backbone is greater than about 17.
The number of carbon atoms may be considered as the size of the alkane. The longest series of linked carbon atoms in a molecule is known as its carbon skeleton or carbon backbone. In an alkane, each carbon atom is sp 3-hybridized with 4 sigma bonds (either C–C or C–H), and each hydrogen atom is joined to one of the carbon atoms (in a C–H bond). the cycloalkanes) or polycyclic, despite their having a distinct general formula (i.e. However, some sources use the term to denote any saturated hydrocarbon, including those that are either monocyclic (i.e.
The International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) defines alkanes as "acyclic branched or unbranched hydrocarbons having the general formula C nH 2 n+2, and therefore consisting entirely of hydrogen atoms and saturated carbon atoms". The alkanes range in complexity from the simplest case of methane ( CH 4), where n = 1 (sometimes called the parent molecule), to arbitrarily large and complex molecules, like pentacontane ( C 50H 102) or 6-ethyl-2-methyl-5-(1-methylethyl) octane, an isomer of tetradecane ( C 14H 30). Alkanes have the general chemical formula C nH 2 n+2. In other words, an alkane consists of hydrogen and carbon atoms arranged in a tree structure in which all the carbon–carbon bonds are single. In organic chemistry, an alkane, or paraffin (a historical trivial name that also has other meanings), is an acyclic saturated hydrocarbon. Chemical structure of methane, the simplest alkane
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